Wednesday, August 26, 2009

Day 80, India

We are now on the final leg of our journey.....

Our final destination is of of course India.........despite the swine-flu alerts across the country.

Sita has decided to give us some information to help prevent too much of a culture shock when we arrive in India!!

She says that the number of people in India is what really takes some getting used to tho
ugh. There are just so many of them! They're everywhere, and you can't help but wonder where they all came from and where they're going.


Chaos is the word that best describes some Indian roads! A trip in a taxi can be a hair-raising experience, let alone trying to cross a road as a pedestrian. There's a system in place whereby smaller vehicles usually give way to larger vehicles, and the largest vehicles rule the road. Drivers weave all over the road, and overtake from both sides.


To actually cross a road, you'll have to brace yourself to walk out in front of oncoming traffic.
However, don't be too concerned as drivers are used to this and will stop. The best thing to do is go with the flow and follow everyone else who's crossing the road at the same time. The roads themselves are in various states of repair. Unsealed roads, roads full of holes, and partially dug up roads are common.

You'll find fearless cows meandering along all over the place, even on the beach. They're huge too, but quite harmless. Depending on where you travel in India it's likely that cows wo
n't be the only animals you'll see on the roads. Donkeys and bullock carts are also common.

India is not a quiet country. Indians love to use their horns when driving. They'll honk when turning corners, when overtaking, and incessantly when there are vehicles in the way.
The Mumbai government once tried to implement a "No Honking Day" but it met with shock and disbelief from many drivers.

The smells of India can be the best thing about the country. Evenings are a wonderful time to explore India's streets as the smell of fresh spices wafts up from the roadside snack stalls,

and people light incense to attract the Goddess of wealth and prosperity, into their houses.

Indian society is very close-knit, and personal space and privacy are foreign concepts to most people. However, Indians are warm hearted and curious people. The down side of this thou
gh is that they tend to stare and ask lots of questions, many of them personal in nature. It can be confronting if you don't expect it, but don't be afraid to ask the same questions in return. People will be happy that you've taken an interest in them.


It's likely that you'll be shocked by the filth lying around in certain areas of India. As far as Indians are concerned, the most important thing is to keep their houses clean. So as long as the garbage isn't in their house, they're not bothered. They're content knowing that someone else will usually come
and clean it up.
Most things get recycled in India, and picking through trash is one way that the poor people make money.

The glaring poverty and begging are the most confronting and hardest things to accept.
No, no, the whole of India is definitely not like it was picturised in "Slumdog Millionaire"!!

The contrast between extremely wealthy rich and the poor is very obvious and you never really get used to it. On one side of the street you may see palatial apartments, while on the other side people live their lives in makeshift houses on the sidewalk.

The scenery in India stunning and full of history.


The booming economy and flourishing development has made India extremely traveller friendly. The influence of the west is being felt across most cities with supermarkets and massive shopping malls coming up everywhere. India's middle class has grown considerably and has a lot more money to spend.

Most people have mobile phones and laptops, and the the Internet cafes are always full. Cities such as Mumbai and Delhi have become quite cosmopolitan, with an increasing number of modern restaurants, bars, and clubs.


Expect that it will take a lot more time to get things done than what it would back at home. There are inefficient processes to deal with, conflicting information that's given, and closures due to lunch breaks to contend with. Oh, and of course, the crowds of people!


It can be a challenge to figure out how and where to get things done. Things that make sense back home don't make sense in India and vice-versa. India's a great country for building (and testing) patience, however if you're persistent it will pay off. There's a saying that anything is possible in India, it just takes time (and a bit of money on the side!).

Demystifying India is a perpetual work-in-progress and for many travellers that's precisely what makes her so deeply addictive.

Ultimately, it's all about surrendering yourself to the unknown: this is the India that nothing can really prepare you for because its very essence - its elusive soul - lies in its mystery.

India will jostle your entire being and no matter where you go or what you do, it's a place you'll never forget.....

wow Sita, with that kind of introduction everyone is really looking forward to this last leg.

Day 80, Lahore Fort, Pakistan (3)

Our final destination in Pakistan is the Lahore Fort.

It cannot be said with certainty when the Lahore Fort was originally constructed or by whom, since this information is lost to history, possibly forever.
However, evidence found in archaeological digs gives strong indications that it was built long before 1025 A.D


1241 A.D. - Destroyed by Mongols.

1267 A.D. - Rebuilt by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban.
1398 A.D. - Destroyed again, by Amir Tamir's army.
1421 A.D. - Rebuilt in mud by Sultan Mubark Shah Syed.
1432 A.D. - The fort is occupied by Shaikh Ali of Kabul who makes repairs to the damages inflicted on it by Shaikha Khokhar.
1566 A.D. - Rebuilt by Mughal emperor Akbar, in solid brick masonry on its earlier foundations. Also perhaps, its area was extended towards the river Ravi, which then and up to about 1849 A.D., used to flow along its fortification on the north. Akbar also built Doulat Khana-e-Khas-o-Am, the famous Jharoka-e-Darshan (Balcony for Royal Appearance), Masjidi Gate etc.
1618 A.D. - Jehangir adds Doulat Khana-e-Jehangir
1631 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Shish Mahal (Mirror Palace).

1633 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Khawabgah (a dream place or sleeping area), Hamam (bath ), Khilwat Khana (retiring room), and Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque).[5]
1645 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Diwan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience).
1674 A.D. - Aurangzeb adds the massively fluted Alamgiri Gate.
(Sometime during) 1799-1839 A.D. - The outer fortification wall on the north with the moat, the marble athdera, Havaeli Mai Jindan and Bara Dari Raja Dhiyan Singh were constructed by Ranjit Singh, Sikh ruler from 1799-1839 A.D.
1846 A.D. - Occupied by the British.
1927 A.D. - The British hand over the Fort to the Department of Archaeology after demolishing a portion of the fortification wall on the south and converting it into a stepped form
thus defortifying the fort

We enter the fort on its western side through the colossal Alamgiri Gate, built by Aurangzeb in 1674 as a private entrance to the royal quarters.

Whoa, this is really huge!!!
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/alamgiri-gate/sphere-flash.html
It was large enough to allow several elephants carrying members of the royal household to enter at one time.

The Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public Audience), an open pavilion with 40 pillars was built by Shah Jahan in 1631, with an upper balcony added by Akbar.
It's where the emperor would make a daily public appearance, receive official visitors and review parades.
The serpentine sandstone brackets are typical of Akbar's commissions, with the depiction of animals showing Hindu influence and reflecting Akbar's policy of religious tolerance
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/diwan-i-aam/sphere-flash.html

Khawabgarh-i-Jehangir (Jehangir's Sleeping Quarters), a pavilion on the north side of his quadrangle,
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/khawabgarh-i-jehangir/sphere-flash.html
It now houses a small museum of Mughal antiquities.The items include a huge ivory model of the Taj Mahal, some excellent illustrated manuscripts (including the Akbar Nama, the daily chronicle of Akbar's reign), some beautiful calligraphy, miniature paintings and a collection of Mughal coins.

One charming story about Jehangir is that he had a chain suspended outside the fort, which anyone unable to obtain justice through the usual channels could pull. A bell would ring in his private chambers and the petition would receive his personal attention.

The Shish Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), built by Shah Jahan in 1631.
Decorated with glass mirrors set into the stucco interior, it was built for the empress and her court and installed with screens to conceal them from prying eyes.
The walls were rebuilt in the Sikh period, but the original marble tracery screens and pietra dura (inlay work) are in remarkable condition.
The view from here over the rest of the fort and Badshahi Mosque is rewarding.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/palace-of-mirrors/overview/sphere-flash.html
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/palace-of-mirrors/aiwan/sphere-flash.html

Wow! This place is absolutely awesome!!

Naulakha is the marble pavilion on the west side of the quadrangle, lavishly decorated with pietra dura - studded with tiny jewels in intricate floral motifs.
It was erected in 1631 and its name, meaning nine lakh (900,000), refers either to the price to build it or the number of semiprecious stones used in its construction.
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/palace-of-mirrors/naulakha-pavilion/sphere-flash.html

There are three small museums on site: the Armoury Gallery exhibits various arms including pistols, swords, daggers, spears and arrows; the Sikh Gallery predominantly houses rare oil paintings; and the Mughal Gallery includes among its exhibits old manuscripts, calligraphy, coins and miniature paintings, as well as an ivory miniature model of India's Taj Mahal.

The nearby Shalamar Gardens are absolutely impressive.
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/lahore-fort/shalamar-gardens/pavilion/sphere-flash.html

As we leave this amazing UNESCO world heritage sight, we cannot help but imagine what it must have felt like to be an Empress in this place ;-)..........

Thanks Ashfaque....this was a spectacular tour.....now please get us across the border - back to India where we started this amazing odyssey 80 days ago.........
We don't want our Indian friends to be detained ...for being Indian spies!!

Day 80, Moenjodaro, Pakistan (2)

We are now going to visit the "Manhattan of the Bronze Age"....in its heyday, it must have held nearly 80,000 inhabitants. Any guesses??


Another clue....this UNESCO world heritage site also includes a small museum, where you can admire pottery and sculptures representing the Mother goddess as well as a horned deity, token of ancient beliefs probably at the roots of Hinduism.


That's right Sita, it is Moenjodaro!


About 4000 BC, when the Mesopotamian civilisation flourished on the Euphrates, Moenjodaro began to develop as one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilisation.

Over 165 sites related to the Indus Valley civilisation have been described by archaeologists, but UNESCO World Heritage–listed Moenjodaro is the undisputed jewel in the crown.


The largest of the ancient cities of Pakistan, its ruins are spread over 250 hectares

Moenjodaro (meaning 'Mound of the Dead') thrived roughly from 2500–1500 BC with a population believed to have reached at least 50, 000.


The quality of the architecture and town planning was exceptionally high.


Its main thoroughfares were some 91 m wide and were crossed by straight streets that formed blocks 364 m in length and 182/273 m in width.


The people of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa lived in sturdy brick houses that had as many as three floors and were designed to ensure the safety of its occupants so that in times of earthquakes the structures collapse outwards.

( http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/rich-area-well-preserved-house/sphere-flash.html )


Their elaborate drainage system was centuries ahead of their time

(http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/well-and-drained-street/sphere-flash.html)


There is a large granary, and a citadel mound with solid burnt-brick towers on its margin.


A Great Hall was probably the most striking of its structures, comprising an open quadrangle with verandahs of four sides' galleries and rooms at the back, a number of halls,

(http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/assembly-hall/sphere-flash.html)


A large bathing pool perhaps used for religious or ceremonial bathing.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/great-

bath/sphere-flash.html


With roughly 50,000 citizens, the city demanded to have the latest in housing development. This included a strive toward cleanliness and sanitation.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/rich-area-well/sphere-flash.html


Citizens were conveniently able to dispose of their garbage through a s

lit cut into their house which would then fall into containers lined up on the street below.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/public-dustbin/sphere-flash.html


Mohenjo-Daro's brick floored bathhouses were even designed to have dirty water drain through clay pipes into an underground gutter system.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/rich-area-gutter-system/sphere-flash.html


Although advanced in architecture, citizens of Mohenjo-Daro lived on a simple form of agriculture. They lived by farming wheat, barley, rice, and some cotton for cloth.


Scholars also believe that the Indus valley civilization had domesticated cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs.


Archaeologists have found the remains of fine jewelry, including stones from far away places. This shows that the people of the Indus Valley civilization valued art and

traded with other cultures. There are remains of seals that merchants used to mark goods that were to be traded among cities.


Close to the archaeological site is the Moenjodaro Museum that houses finds from the excavations.


It appears that secular law was reinforced by the power of a priest caste, although the exact political structures remain a mystery.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/poor-residential-area/sphere-flash.html

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/rich-

area-overview/sphere-flash.html


Figurines found here suggest that the religion incorporated belief in a mother-goddess combined with tree and animal worship, especially of the bull….


Hmmm, Nopi, wasn't the bull a central theme amongst the Minoans, with bull heads and bull horns used as symbols in the Knossos palace??


There are three clear levels of occupation, the top two built on top of an earlier, destroyed layer.


However, the population declined abruptly for reasons that are still unclear.


Long after its demise, Buddhist monks of the Kushan era erected a stupa over 70m high here.

That too is now in ruins, but still rises 11m above the surrounding area and was for a long time the only visible monument.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/moenjodaro/stupa/sphere-flash.html


There are several theories about how Moenjodaro came to an end.

Did it collapse in an earthquake caused by the moving tectonic plates in the Himalayas??


Was it destroyed by a flood? Rising water levels at several times in the city's history certainly did require much of it to be rebuilt or abandoned. Building standards also declined over the years as one new level was built over another.


Since the 1990s much archaeological work has gone into preserving the ruins from further water and salt damage.


The discovery of several skeletons of inhabitants who had obviously met a violent end, and had never been properly buried. Was Moenjodaro sacked by unknown invaders, perhaps the Aryan invaders in the mid-2nd millennium BC??


What we know about the Indus civilization is evolving. Archaeologists are continuing to find new artifacts. In time, we may learn how this amazing civilization developed, how they learned to create an advanced ancient civilization, and why they suddenly disappeared.


Mohenjo-Daro is a great source of information to scholars being that the Indus valley civilization was one of the world's first great civilizations!!


day 80, Taxila, Pakistan (1)

My dear bhai, Ashfaque has arranged for a guided tour of Pakistan for us.........I am so fortunate that all my tour guides are so well informed.....

Gandhāra is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau and on the Kabul River.


Timeline
c.2300–c.1900 BC Indus Valley civilization

c.1900–c.520 BC No records. Indo-Aryan migrations.
c.520–c.326 BC Persian Empire Under direct Persian control and/or local control under Persian suzerainty.

c.326–c.305 BC Occupied by Alexander the Great and Macedonian generals
c.305–c.180 BC Controlled by the Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandragupta. Converted to Buddhism under Asoka (273–232 BC)

c.185–c.97 BC Under control of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, with some incursions of the Indo-Scythians from around 100 BC
c.97 BC–c. AD 7 Saka (Scythian) Rule
c.07–c.75 Parthian invasion and Indo-Parthian Kingdom, Rule of Commander Aspavarman?

c.75–c.230 Kushan Empire
c.230–c.440 Kushanshas under Persian Sassanid suzerainty

c.450–c.565 White Huns (Hephthalites)
c.565–c.644 Nezak kingdom, ruled from Kapisa and Udabhandapura
c.650–c.870 Turkshahi, ruled from Kabul
c.870–1021 Hindushahi, ruled from Udabhandapura

c.1032–1350 Conquered and controlled by the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni.

Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning City of Man and Takshashila (modern Taxila)......and yes Sita, the UNESCO world heritage site of Taxila is our next stop.....

Oh, Sita really looks happy today:-) as does Nopi.
Hmmm, is it because this site in Pakistan has such strong links to India and Greece??

Legend has it that Taksha, the son of Bharata and Mandavi, from Indian epic Ramayana, an ancient king who ruled in a kingdom called Taksha Khanda (Tashkent) founded the city of Takshashila.

In the epic Mahābhārata, the Kuru heir Parikṣit was enthroned at Taxila.

According to tradition The Mahabharata was first recited at
Taxila by Vaishampayana, a disciple of Veda Vyasa at the behest of the seer Vyasa himself!


Taxila is the abode of many splendid Buddhist establishments. Taxila, the main centre of Gandhara, is over 3,000 years old.


Taxila had attracted Alexander the great from Macedonia in 326 BC, with whom the influence of Greek culture came to this part of the world.

Taxila later came under the Mauryan dynasty and reached a remarkable matured level of development under the great Ashoka.

During the year 2 BC, Buddhism was adopted as the state religion, which flourished and prevailed for over 1,000 years, until the year 10 AD.


During this time Taxila, Swat and Charsadda (old Pushkalavati) became three important centers for culture, trade and learning.

Hundreds of monasteries and stupas were built together with Greek and Kushan towns such as Sirkap and Sirsukh, both in The Gandhara civilization was not only the centre of spiritual influence but also the cradle of the world famous Gandhara culture, art and learning.


It was from these centers that a unique art of sculpture originated which is known as Gandhara Art all over the world.

Today the Gandhara sculptures occupy a prominent place in the museums of England, France, Germany, USA, Japan, Korea, China, India and Afghanistan, together with many private collections world over, as well as a vast collection in the museums of Pakistan.


Buddhism left a monumental and rich legacy of art and architecture in Pakistan.

Despite the vagaries of centuries, the Gandhara region preserved a lot of the heritage in craft and art.
Most of the archaeological sites of Taxila (600 BC to 500 AD) are located around Taxila Museum.


For over one thousand years, Taxila remained famous as a centre of learning Gandhara art of sculpture, architecture, education and Buddhism in the days of Buddhist glory.

There are over 50 archaeological sites scattered in a radius of 30 kms around Taxila.

The ruins of Taxila consist of many different parts of the city buildings and buddhist stupas which are located in a large area.

The main ruins of Taxila are divided into three major cities, each belonging to a distinct time period.

The oldest of these is Bhir Mound, which dates from the sixth century B.C.E.


The second city of Taxila is located at Sirkap and was built by Greco-Bactrian king
s in the second century B.C.E.
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/taxila/sirkap/map.html

The third and last city of Taxila is at Sirsukh and relates to the Kushan kings.

In addition to the ruins of the city, a number of buddhist monasteries and stupas also belong to the Taxila area.

The very earliest examples of Buddhist Art are not iconic but aniconic images and were popular in the Sub-continent even after the death of the Buddha. This is because the Buddha himself did not sanction personal worship or the making of images.

As Siddhatha Guatama was a Buddha, a self-perfected, self-enlightened human being, he was a human role model to be followed but not idolized. Of himself he said, 'Buddha's only point the way'. This is why the earliest artistic tribut
es t o the Buddha were abstract symbols indicative of major events and achievements in his last life, and in some cases his previous lives.

Some of these early representations of the Buddha include the footprints of the Buddha, which were often created at a place where he was known to have walked. Among the aniconic images, the footprints of the Buddha were found in the Swat valley and, now can be seen in the Swat Museum. When Buddha passed away, His relics (or ashes) were distributed to seven kings who built stupas over them for veneration.


The emperor Ashoka was later said to have dug them out, and distributed the ashes over a wider area, and built 84,000 stupas. With the stupas in place, to dedicate veneration, disciples then initiated 'stupa pujas'. With the proliferation of Buddhist stupas, stupa pujas evolved into a ritual act.

Harmarajika stupa (Taxila) and Butkarha (Swat) stupa at Jamal Garha were among the earliest stupas of Gandhara.These had been erected on the orders of king Ashoka and contained the real relics of the Buddha.

The city fell into obscurity after it was destroyed by White Huns in the 5th ce
ntury.

The ruins of the stupa at Dharmarajika is thought to be established by the Maurya emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE around relics of the Buddha.

These structures were reinforced in the following centuries, by building rings of smaller stupas and constructions around the original ones.


Hey Nopi, did you know that several coins of the Indo-Greek king Zoilos II were found under the foundation of such a 1st century BCE stupa??

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/taxila/darmarajika-monastery/sphere-flash.html
Isn't that statue of lord Bbuddha with a hole in the navel an odd artifact??

It is called the "healing buddha".
Pilgrims would put their fings in the navel hole and pray for the ailment of the patients.
The inscription preserved under the statue shows that it was gifted by a friar "Budhamitra Dharmanandin"
This inscription and a couple of others at this site, show that the script was still used at Taxila in the fifth century CE.

There is another monastery in the vicinty....the monastery at Mohra Muradu in addition to a number of stupas.
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/taxila/mohra-moradu-bell-room-and-kitchen-remains/sphere-flash.html

The modern-era excavation of the site was led by Sir John Marshall between the years of 1913 and 1934.

Wow, Taxila (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila) was the cultured capital of an empire stretching across the subcontinent and into Central Asia, until the 3rd century, it was the birthplace of a striking fusion of Greek and Indian art, and also the place from which Buddhism spread into China!






hmm, I wonder if any of my ancestors studied or lived in this awesome UNESCO world heritage site??

Day 80, some valleys of Pakistan

Wow, that wonder was truly awesome!!!

Btw, have you voted for your favourite wonder of nature??
http://www.vote7.com/n7w/nature/finalists

We are now about to enter Pakistani airspace.....the situation in Pakistan is uncertain, with sectarian and political violence regularly reported.

Furthermore there are Indian citizens in our group, so guys .......nooo, we are not going to simply fly over Pakistan.....c'mon, be adventurous....we will definitely stop over....but we will make our journey through Pakistan as swift, yet enjoyable, as possible.....let's go.

Look guys, we are now flying over Hopar Valley, a really scenic portion of the Nagar Valley in northern Pakistan, and the site of the Spantik and Hopar glaciers.

Did you know that the Hopar Glacier is one of the most accessible glaciers in the Hunza Valley?
Look like a really relaxing place, doesn't it? Aaaah.......

And now we are flying over Kaghan Valley.
Embraced by the cool forested peaks of the Lesser Himalaya, this 160km-long valley drained by the burbling Kunhar River is one of Pakistan's most popular summer holiday spots.

And there is the absolutely picturesque Lake Saiful Maluk....... which is like mirror at an altitude of 3200 meters.

The water is clear with a slight green tone. The clarity of the water comes from the multiple glaciers all around the high basin which feed the lake.

A fairy tale called Saiful Muluk, written by the famous sufi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, is associated with the lake. It is the story of prince of Persia who fell in love with a fairy princess at the lake. The impact of the lake beauty is of such extent that people believe that fairies come down to lake in full moon.
Aaaah, breathtaking Pakistan!

Day 80, The Great Wall of China, China

Good morning everyone......
It is Day 80..and my dear friend Francoise
( http://www.postcrossing.com/user/maroussia)has invited us for a quick stop over in Beijing, China.

Amit thinks that we are going to Sichuan to see the Giant Panda

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_Panda)

and Sita is so excited because she thinks that we are going to visit the Forbidden City

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_City).....

My dear friends, this is day 80...we are on the last leg of our awesome journey..... would a trip around the world be complete without a walk on the Great Wall of China??

Yes, Francoise is taking us to Bādálǐng, the "North Pass" of Ju
yongguan pass of the Great W all of China.

As we begin our walk on this famous path.... and admire the Great Wall that extends as far as the eye can see ....hmm, doesn't it look like the back of a dragon??

we have so many questions....so lets ask Francoise.....

How long is the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China is around 6,400 kilometers.

When was the Great Wall of China built?
The Great Wall of China was built over a large period of time. In the beginning of the Great Wall of China's history, regional kingdoms built walls for their own fortification and defense. This was thought to have started around the 7th century BC.
The Gr
eat W all of China was then fully built and unified around (221-206 BC) during the Qin Dynasty. Subsequent improvements occurred 1700 years later. This included expanding and bolstering the strength of the Great Wall of China.

How wide is the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China width varies by the area of the Great Wall of China you are at. On average, the width is around 15 to 30 feet wide.This portion of the Great Wall at Badaling is 7.8 meters (25.6 ft) high and 5 meters (16.4 ft) wide

How tall is the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China has an average height of 25 feet.

Where is the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China covers around four thousand miles from Shanhaiguan to Lop Nur. The Great Wall of China stretches from seaport of China's east coast to Xinjiang in China's northwest.

Who built the Great Wall of China?
The Great Wall of China was built by peasants, soldiers, political prisoners and criminals. Soldiers were the primary workforce and did most of the work. Criminals did work for punishment or when they need more workers.

Why was the Great Wall of China built?
The Great Wall of China was built for a variety of purposes.

Firstly, the Great Wall of China was built as a lookout post for easy viewing of enemies. Its beacon tower system, using smoke signals generated by burning wolves' dung, quickly transmitted news of enemy movements back to the capital.


Secondly, the Great Wall of China served as a safeguard to the new cultural influence of Europe through the Silk Road and such. There was a customs post of sorts and unwanted Chinese were ejected through the gates to face the terrifying wild west.

And finally, the Great Wall of China served as a barrier betw
een the enemies so that they could not easily penetrate the territory.

The wall never really did perform its function as an impenetrable line of defence. As Genghis Khan supposedly said, 'The strength of a wall depends on the courage of those who defend it'. Sentries could be bribed.
Mongol invaders had no trouble breaching the wall by going around it due to its non continuity, so the wall proved unsuccessful and was eventually abandoned.

However, it did work very well as a kind of elevated highway, transporting people and equipment across mountainous terrain.


During the Ming dynasty a determined effort was made to rehash the bastion, this time facing it with some 60 million cubic metres of bricks and stone slabs. This project took over 100 years, and the costs in human effort and resources were phenomenal.


The investment failed to curb the Manchu armies from storming the Middle Kingdom and imposing over two and a half centuries of foreign rule on China. The wall was largely forgotten after that.

Lengthy sections of it have returned to dust and the wall might have disappeared totally had it not been rescued by the tourist industry.
Several important sections have been rebuilt, kitted out with souvenir shops, restaurants and amusement-park rides, and formally opened to the publi
c.......thank goodness!!


What is the Great Wall of China made out of?
The Great Wall of China was built from earth stones and wood.An estimated 180 million cubic metres of rammed earth was used to form the core of the original wall, and legend has it that one of the building materials used was the bones of deceased workers.

In recent times, the wall has suffered more from farmers pillaging its earthen core for use on the fields, and for its bountiful supply of shaped stone, stripped from the ramparts for use in road and building construction. A recent outcry over drunken summer raves and 'orgies' at Jīnshānlǐng has upped public concern over the fortification's sad decline.

Is it true that you can see the Great Wall from the moon?
No, that's an urban legend ! No man-made structure is visible from the moon without a technological aid.
Low orbit satellites however can spot the Great Wall of China
.

Wow, we have just received our "Certificate of Accomplishment " for walking here.....cool.
Thanks so much for this tour Francoise. It is an absolutely amazing UNESCO world heritage site and deserved a wonder of the world!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTY7yJ7JWFU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5luayj2oaTA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xX5EwCcL8-0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSSz2qE8MjI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L78BecrH4GQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC7pt-KAtR0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfvpA0X8lE0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqd8pviGbfY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKY48GlRlCc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMRX1aNkVow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3geF-lzk7TY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6y4jcdWaoY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0gKpLLASLU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leYYqjW0ijA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lFOZ02t3_M



Tuesday, August 25, 2009

Day 79, Samarkand and Bukhara, Uzbekistan

Wow, Russia was absolutely amazing, and Valery has graciously invited us to return for another guided tour. Yippee!! Thanks Valery see you soon.

Now, Marti, no more detours........we are heading for Uzbekistan.

From the air our eye locks onto the domes and minarets of Samarkand in Uzbekistan. As the sunlight reflects of its richly decorated mosques and minarets, the city gleams like a golden beacon that can be seen for miles over the surrounding plains.....WOW!!

Samarkand (Marakanda to the Greeks), one of Central Asia's oldest settlements, was probably founded in the 5th century BC. It was already the co
smopolitan, walled capital of the Sogdian empire when it was taken in 329 BC by Alexander the Great, who said, 'Everything I have heard about Marakanda is true, except that it's more beautiful than I ever imagined.'....so let's pay this magical city a visit.

A key Silk Road city, it sat on the crossroads leading to China, India and Persia, bringing in trade and artisans.From the 6th to the 13th century it grew into a city more popu lous than it is today, changing hands every couple of centuries – Western Turks, Arabs, Persian Samanids, Karakhanids, Seljuq Turks, Mongolian Karakitay and Khorez mshah have all ruled here – before being obliterated by Jenghiz Khan in 1220.

This might have been the end of the story, but in 1370 Timur decided to make Samarkand his capital, and over the next 35 years forged a new, almost-mythical city – Central Asia's e conomic and cultural epicentre. Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Persian, Indian and Turkic cities were sacked and destroyed. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arab, Persian and Indian societies.

Amit says that as per Malfuzat-i-Timuri, Timur targeted Hindus!!!
In his own words, "Excepting the quarter of the saiyids, the 'ulama and the other Musalmans [sic], the whole city was sacked". In his descriptions of the Loni massacre he wrote, "Next day I gave orders that the Musalman prisoners should be separated and saved."

Bloody monster!!

http://www.silk-road.com/artl/timur.shtml
; http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h13tm.htm

Around 1396 Timur was back in Samarkand. During his stay he heard news from India. With the excuse that Muslim rulers in India were being too tolerant toward Hindus he led his army there. He destroyed the Islamic kingdom centered at the city of Del hi, and he created more carnage and devastation. He is described as having been pleased that he had penetrated Ind ia more deeply than had Alexander the Great or Genghis Khan. He returned from India with prisoners who were Indian artists, craftsmen, and booty.

Sita says that when Timur returned from India he began more building, ordering work on a great mosque. 200 masons worked on the building. 500 hundred others cut the precious stones looted from his conquest of India, which were transported to Samarkand by 90 captured elephants. He used the stones in the construction of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, whose name comes from his wife.


The outer walls are 167 metres (182.63 yards) in length and 109 metres (119.20 yards) in width. The cupola of the main chamber reaches a hei
ght of 40 metres and the entrance way is 35 metres high. Construction was completed between 1 399 and 1404. However, the mosque slowly fell into disuse, and crumbled to ruins over the centuries . Its demise was hastened due to the fact it pushed the construction techniques of the time to the very limit, and the fact that it was built too quickly.

Prasad says that the Bibi-Khanym Mosque was the largest mosque in Central Asia at that time and one of the largest in the Muslim world, but Allah was apparently not pleased w
ith Timur. Samarkand was in a region of frequent earthquakes, and Timur's great mosque was not constructed in a way that could endure intact.
It eventually partially collapsed in 1897 when an earthquake occurred!
In 1974 it began to undergo reconstruction by the Government of Uzbekistan, although the current mosque is effectively a brand-new building, as no origina
l work remains.

There is the Khazrat-Khizr Mosque is one of the most ancient edifices of Samarka
nd, which was destroyed by Genghis Khan's hordes.

It was rebuilt in 19 century.

And there is the Gur-e Amir, the Timur's mausoleum.

Wow!!!You simply have to see this place with your own eyes in order to appreciate its beauty........
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/samarkand/guri-amir-mausoleum-inside/sphere-flash.html

It occupies an important place in the history of Islamic Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs, including Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, built by Timur's descendants, the ruling Mughal dynasty of North India.

Mohammad Taragae Uluğ Bēg was Timur's grandson who ruled until 1449 ( who by the way is buried in Gur-e-Amir too) and made it an intellectual ce
ntre.

Between 1417 and 1420, he built a madrasa ("university" or "institute") on Registan Square in Samarkand, and he invited numerous Islamic astronomers and mathematicians to study there.
There is that madrasa ...

with its fancy arches, high well-proportioned minarets, mosaic panels, geometrical stylized ornaments.
This madrasa was one of the best clergy universities of the whole Moslem Orient of the 15th century.

We are now off to Central Asia's holiest city, Bukhara. It has buildings spanning a thousand years of history, and a thoroughly lived-in old centre that probably hasn't changed much in two centuries.

It was as capital of the Samanid state in the 9th and 10th centuries that Bukhara blossomed as Central Asia's religious and cultural heart, and simultaneously brightened with the Persian love of the arts. Among those nurtured here were the philosopher-scientist Ibn Sina and the poets Firdausi and Rudaki – figures with stature in the Persian Islamic world that, for example, Newton or Shakespeare enjoyed in the West.


There is the Samanid mausoleum.

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/bukhara/ismail-samani-s-mausoleum/sphere-flash.html

It is located in the historical urban nucleus of the city of Bukhara, in a park laid out on the site of an ancient cemetery.
This mausoleum, one of the most esteemed sights of Central Asian architecture, was built in the 9th (10th) century (between 892 and 943) as the resting-place of Ismail Samani - the founder of the Samanid dynasty, the last Persian dynasty to rule in Central Asia, which held the city in the 9th and 10th centuries.

For many years the lower part of the mausoleum remained under a two-meter high layer of sediment.
Now the foundation has been cleared of these obstacles and the mausoleum is fully restored, so we can view it from all sides. The monument marks a new era in the development of Central Asian architecture, which was revived after the Arab conquest of the region.
The architects continued to use an ancient tradition of baked brick construction, but to a much higher standard than had been seen before.
The construction and artistic details of the brickwork , are still enormously impressive, and display traditional features dating back to pre-Islamic culture.

And there is Kalyan Square....wow, more magnificent buildings

http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/uzbekistan/bukhara/kalon-square/sphere-flash.html

As we leave Uzbekistan, we have very mixed feelings. For all its brutality, the dynasty founded by Timur was responsible for the great artistic and intellectual renaissance in the area in the 14th and 15th centuries....

It is no wonder that many of these monuments were declared UNESCO world heritage sites.